Outline and evaluate two methods of stress management Essays

Outline and evaluate two methods of stress management. One physiological method of treatment is Biofeedback. Physiological methods help people cope with the effects of stress by changing the way the body responds to it. With biofeedback the aim is to teach the client how to relax. The person learns how to regulate the symptoms of stress in real-life stressful situations. There are 4 steps involved. Firstly, the person is attached to a machine that monitors the body’s response to stressors and then gives feed back on heart rate and blood pressure etc. The person then learns to control these symptoms and reduce the effect that stress has on the blood pressure etc. They may learn to take deep†¦show more content†¦It is also an effective treatment as it aims to treat the cause of the problem as well as the symptoms. It can give clients a greater sense of control over themselves as well which can have much longer lasting benefits. Another advantage would be that it has no side-effects or harmful addictions attached etc. It is also voluntary and not invasive for example in drug treatment withdrawal symptoms may be distressing. Biofeedback can be used for an unlimited time, as it is not addictive in the way that BZ’s (for example) can be (as they are only used for a maximum of four weeks to prevent this) so biofeedback is seen as m ore of a long term cure of stress. However, biofeedback has the drawback of being extremely costly and time consuming. It needs specialist equipment and expert supervision, although attempts have been made to produce a more accessible therapy by using cards - the client would put their thumb on a card and it would measure the stress levels (stressed, tense, normal, calm) etc. Some also argue that the benefits of biofeedback can be achieved from other relaxation techniques and so it is an unnecessary expense. Another method of stress includes the psychological technique of stress inoculation training (Meichenbaum). The training wasShow MoreRelatedChapter 3 : An Purpose For Reading1324 Words   |  6 Pagesreading. Chapter 3 helped me get involve with my readings by annotating the text and developing questions within the text while I am actively engaging with my studies. Also, this chapter showed me different note taking styles which are mind mapping, outline, SQ3R, and Cornell notes. I can make a mixture of these note taking styles to my preference. Chapter 7 is another useful resource, this chapter discuss thinking clearly and communicating your ideas. One key aspect is presentation skills; able toRead MoreHow Individual Employee s Behavior At Work Might Be Influenced By Different Factors1213 Words   |  5 Pagestraditions, professions, superiority, income levels, marital and family prominence. The assistant usually comprises individual’s issues which are expected to have descriptive assessment in the exploration. Psychological: On or after the freestanding, it’s stress-free to take responsibility that the only contributing factor of a positive trade is productivity. Next all, effectiveness concretes the way for development and retains a business modest. In GSK success is often reliant on numerous factors such asRead MoreWellness Plan1575 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloping an Organizational Employee Wellness Plan Sample Outline This outline is intended to be a starting point to guide state agencies in developing their own agency-specific wellness plan. The provided outline addresses specific points to consider in developing the agency plan, but each agency will need to add additional content to define adequately what and how each activity will be implemented in the agency. While the outline is presented in this format for ease of reading and brevityRead MoreGoogle provides internet-related services and products and was created as a search engine in the1400 Words   |  6 Pageseffectively. Google used several motivation methods in order to achieve a better result. Motivation increases effectiveness, efficiency and productivity; and crucial to make a difference in results (Forsyth, 2000). There are four major types of motivation theories; such as the Scientific Management theory of Taylor, the Human Relations theory of Mayo, the Hierarchy of Needs of Maslow and the Two-factor Theory of Herzberg. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the effectiveness of employee motivationRead MoreUndercover Boss - Lush s Organizational Culture Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesstatements regarding their handmade, organic and safe products, (Lushnz.com,Our Values), is their espoused values. The core value is the fact that the vision is striven towards, whilst helping the community. Critique the undercover boss method and recommend other methods. The show is scripted and unnatural. This is because in every episode some employee shares a personal story with the undercover boss. This would not normally happen, as people don’t tend to share their most personal thoughts with someoneRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1619 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Trends Outline: 1. Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2. Role of decision making in OB environments. 3. Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4. Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5. Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6. Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7. Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB 8. Globalization and its strategic alliancesRead More Organizational Behavior Trends Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Trends Outline: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role of decision making in OB environments. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB Read MoreA Lab Report On Academic Writing Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesan experiment. Gaining knowledge is one thing when reviewing lab reports because of the collected data over that experiment. A standard lab report consists a title page, abstract, introduction, methods and materials, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices. (Waterloo) The given outline for a lab report represents what an academic writing should be presented like, which is structured and organized. This layout perfectly represents the style of what an academic writing paper shouldRead More Conflict Resolution Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagesaffect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary skills to resolve conflict in a way that brings satisfaction to everyone involved. Dewey’s steps provide a clear outline of exactly what needs to be addressed when dealing with conflict. This allows for effective time management and allows all parties to be on the same track or in synchronization about what has to be done. They also assure a fair and even discussion of the problem and allow all parties to play an activeRead MoreConflict Resolution as Per Dewey1014 Words   |  5 Pageshow the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary skills to resolve conflict in a way that brings satisfaction to everyone involved. Dewey s steps provide a clear outline of exactly what needs to be addressed when dealing with conflict. This allows for effective time management and allows all parties to be on the same track or in synchronization about what has to be done. They also assure a fair and even discussion of the problem and allow all parties to play an active

Vygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Development - 791 Words

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are prominent influential figures in the field of developmental psychology. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast their theories of development, as well as identified what can be gained through a better understanding of the theories. A Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky Piaget’s theory of development is based on four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. Piaget believed development was autonomous and individuals went through all stages, albeit some at different rates (Blake and Pope, 2008). Piaget believed children developed knowledge from within (Lourenco, 2012). Lev Vygotsky s work is centered around the basis that development is shaped through an individual s social interactions and cultural influence (Lourenco, 2012). In Vygotsky s concept of the zone of proximal development, he studied what an individual can do without help and what an individual can do with scaffolding from an adult (Blake and Pope, 2008). Similarities in the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky While Piaget and Vygotsky are thought to be quiet different in their theories of development, similarities can be found. Both men believed in a developmental perspective and t hat development involves interaction within one s own environment. In Piaget s assimilation/accommodation and Vygotsky s internalization/externalization, a learner uses these processes to make sense of new information.Show MoreRelatedVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development Of Thought And Language Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesAilà ­n Florencia Thought and Language: independent processes. With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The latter also made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed as associate one to the other, both of themRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development917 Words   |  4 Pagesand Margetts (2012) demonstrate that cognitive development is much more than the addition of new facts and ideas to an existing store of information - maturation, activity and social transmission influence cognitive development. One very respected researcher of cognitive development and, in particular, sociocultural effects on such development, was Lev Vygotsky, whose original Russian journal articles are now available in English. Vygotsky’s theory revolves around peer-mediated learning, and hasRead MoreVygotsky s Theory On Cognitive Development Essay733 Words   |  3 Pages â…“ of a page on vygotsky Lev Semionovich Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and constructivist learning theorist who was known for arguing against the theories of psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget believed that in order for any learning to occur there had to development within the individual first, but Vygotsky argued the contrary. He argued that in order for development to occur, the individual would first have to have learning take place through instruction and example in a given appropriate environmentRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Identity Development Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesSocial development is one of the most significant aspects of a childs life, for they can not live with out social interaction, the moment they are born they are being interacted with, typically social development happens to everyone throughout their life, with the rare cases of adults becoming hermits, there is no escape from developing socially to fit in with those around you, or to stand out. works along side emotional development as how we develop socially affects our emotions and the emotionsRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Human Development1386 Words   |  6 PagesLev Vygotsky was an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which is the theory of human development through social and cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920’s-30’s. One of Vygotsky’s focuses was the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately challenged, this will be discussed further on. His theory stemmed from how children’s learning is impacted greatlyRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development1149 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget and Vygotsky are two well-known individuals in the history of psychology. The two psychologists held different beliefs regarding Cognitive Development in children. According to the text, â€Å"Piagetâ₠¬â„¢s theory of cognitive development proposes that a child’s intellect, or cognitive ability, progress through four distinct stages† (Pg. 25). The stages are Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, and Formal Operational Stage. Piaget found that each stage occurs as a childRead MoreChild Development And Vygotsky s Theory Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesthe ability to solve problems. It is manifested through the capability to find solutions to complex issues. By comparing two theories of child development, namely, the Piaget s approach to cognitive development and Vygotsky s social constructivist perspective, it will become clear that the nature of epistemological beliefs held by teachers might influence the development of children. This in turn suggests that problem-solving abilities in children can be influenced and improved by contextual factorsRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development1365 Words   |  6 PagesVygotsky’ s Theory of Cognitive Development the Biopsychosocial Framework In researching various development theories, one of those that stand out is cognitive development theory. Cognitive development theory studies â€Å"how people think and how thinking changes over time† (Kail Cavanaugh, 14). One of the leading theorists in this area was Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. He was one of the first theorists to consider the sociocultural influences on a child’s development. His research allowedRead MoreComparing Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development813 Words   |  4 Pagesand Lev Vygotsky are considered to be very prominent figures in the area of cognitive development. Both of these men considered themselves a constructivist, which entails a viewpoint that is concerned with the nature of knowledge. In their lifetime, both of them made contributions in the area of education and even after death, their theories still influence teaching methods. The purpose of this paper is to show some similarities as well as differences in the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky and whatRead MoreVygotsky s Sociocultural Theory Of Development2288 Words   |  10 Pageswill discuss the overlying theory of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Development as well as Piaget’s Stages of Development. Through outlining each theory and describing the research, a better understanding will be gained in how each can be applied within a primary classroom. Within the sociocultural theory of development lies terms which will be discussed and critiqued in regards to education. The main terms which will be reviewed are the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), a more knowledgeable

Language Acquisition And Learning Of Linguistics - 985 Words

On the contrary, teachers may leave University with extensive theoretical knowledge about linguistics but it can be sometimes seem far removed from the real concrete situations they face in the field; and just one practical case they have to deal with may give them more insight into a problem and its solutions than any amount of theoretical understanding. In this sense, it is noteworthy that much of linguistics today is corpus-based. Which means that the theories actually come from studying real world texts and are therefore founded in practical experience. A language teacher can build on linguistics research trough their own experience to improve their teaching ability. Within this context, a teacher gaining knowledge from practice will have real samples on how language is used by their students regarding language acquisition and learning; so they will be able to base their investigations on them. The more practice teachers have the wider learners corpora will be there for the dev elopment of this technique, allowing them to detect and recognise the most frequent uses and structures with a view to introduce them in the curriculum. (Gries, S, 2009) Regarding content and methodology of subjects, which are a very important part and require reflection and prior design, there are significant advantages University learning can bring. With prior academic learning teachers will doubtlessly have a much clearer idea of sequencing and segmenting the content- by using differentShow MoreRelatedInnateness of Children’s Language Acquisition1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of linguistics and human development. From Bow-wow Theory to Yo-He-Ho Theory, major theories on the origins and learnability of language have emerged in mid-20th century and heavily debated ever since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial theory over time. He introduced and developed the theory from 1950s toRead MoreThe subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental qu estion in the study of1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of linguistics and human development. From Bow-wow Theory to Yo-He-Ho Theory, the major theories on language origins and learnability emerged at mid-20th century and has been heavily debated ever since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial theory over time. He introduced and developed the t heory from 1950sRead MoreEnglish Language Learners ( Ells )1269 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish language learners (ELLs) are people who have to acquire a second additional language and culture. In another words, ELLs are people who do not speak English as their first language. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2014), the percentage of public school students in the United States who were English language learners was higher in school ye ar 2012–13 (9.2 percent, or an estimated 4.4 million students) than in 2002–03 (8.7 percent, or an estimated 4.1 million students)Read MoreMajor Theories Of First Language Acquisition1390 Words   |  6 PagesThere are three major theories of first language acquisition, which are nativist approach, behavior approach, and functional approach. There are still some scholars who challenge these theories. As to nativism, Chomsky (1965) held the view that we are born with a genetic capacity to perceive and acquire the language, and that the capacity is contained in the language acquisition device. He proposes that the language organ helps children acquire languages. In another word, the theory proposes thatRead MoreDifference Between Linguistic And Linguistic Studies1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn the following essay, I am going to present a comparison between two linguistic studies. Constructing another Language-Usage Based Linguistics in Second Language Acquisition by Eskil dsen and Sources of Linguistic Knowledge in the second language acquisition of English articles by Ionin, Zubizarreta, and Maldonado are going to be contrasted regarding their theoretical frameworks, research questions and research designs together with the conclusions reached. Reading the two studies, certain conclusionsRead MoreThe First Article Is Chaos / Complexity Science And Second Language Acquisition1109 Words   |  5 Pagestitle of the first article is Chaos/ complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition. The author indicates immediately the significant similarities between second language acquisition (SLA) and the new science of Chaos/complexity happening in nature, and she expresses her hope that learning about nonlinear systems will discourage reductionist form oversimplifying and explaining matters of interest to second language acquisition researchers. Feathers of Complex Nonlinear system: Chaos/complexityRead MoreStudy Into Dyslexia And Bilingual Acquisition During The Critical Period1528 Words   |  7 PagesI recently attended a talk given by Dr. Ioulia Kovelman of the UM Psychology department; she was presenting her research into dyslexia and bilingual acquisition during the critical period. At the end, a colleague of hers asked this question: â€Å"Why do you think that so little research has been done on bilinguals and multilinguals?† She smiled and shrugged her shoulders, saying, â€Å"Research relies on funding. Funding comes from governments, and the governments with the most money are empires. AmericaRead MoreCharacteristics Of A First And Second Language : Behaviorism, Innatism And Social Interactionist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesof approaches have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of language acquisition. These models were influenced by variety of disciplines and research directions, such as cognitive psychology, linguistics, etc.; therefore, the models relate to linguistic development in various ways. One of the most striking differences between the approaches is the perception of the place of heredity and environment in the process of acquiring language, but as we shall see each approach gives them a different weightRead MoreError Correction Is Generally Associated With Grammar Teaching Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance in being helpful to language acquisition has been suggested in many studies yet it has always been a subject of controversy. Error correction is equally important in a second language learning class as is in the first language learning class. Different scholars have touched many facets of error correction techniques. This field of practice and learning of L2 has always been into limelight owing to its relevance for acquisition of grammar skills in English language. This paper is going to throwRead MoreMy Fascination With Second Language Acquisition Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage carries the beauty and persona of our thought process and the study of Linguistics helps us develop insights, appreciate and analyze many aspects of this powerful medium of expression. My fascination with Second Language Acquisition (SLA) began with the course ‘Language Acquisition and Learning’ that I took while I was in the 4th year of my undergraduate program at the University of Dhaka. In that course, for the first time, I was introduced to various theories and hypotheses about how people

Methodology in Second Language Learning

Question: Discuss about the Methodology in Second Language Learning. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the following discourse is to make a critical reflection on a particular lesson taught by a teacher. More precisely, the present assignment is going to evaluate activities of a particular lesson and thereafter to describe and assess one particular episode from the entire lesson. The objective regarding accomplishing these above-mentioned activities is to relate the lesson activities with certain theoretical concepts of second language learning. The ultimate purpose of evaluating key phases of the lesson is to understand and denote the relevance and influence of the lesson activities on teaching. For accomplishing this motive, the present paper has chosen the video clip of Illustration of Personalised Learning that has been published by the ACARA (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority). The considered video clip is about a particular second language-teaching pattern pursued by a teacher who has classroom of 27 students among whom 18 students are learning the English language as an additional language (EAL/D). It has been understood from the video and as per the brief elaboration given by the teacher herself that the lesson shown in the video is part of a particular unit of work among the students where they are to create stories (australiancurriculum.edu.au, 2017). Moreover, from the video it has been understood that the teacher has integrated the lesson content from the strands of literacy, language as well as literature. However, prior to describe the sequences of the chosen lesson, it is required to mention that the distinct video has been chose as per the reason that personalised learning as designed by ACARA is relevant in addressing individual needs of language learning (Gibbons, 2006). It should be considered here that personalised learning of ACARA prioritiz es the general capabilities of the teachers to design rigorous as well as applicable learning lesson and integrate it with the age-equivalent learning contents (Aimin, 2013). Most significantly, the considered video has been chosen because the teaching pattern pursued by the teacher is found to be persuasive and applicable. After watching the selected video clip, it has been understood that the chief aim of the teacher is to support the students of EAL/D in acquiring oral as well as written proficiency in English language (australiancurriculum.edu.au, 2017). The video shows that through the particular lesson, which is creating stories, the teacher is teaching the EAL/D students to acquire the ability of structuring texts, giving punctuation, making right pronunciation and making use of correct grammar and vocabulary. The activities related to the particular lesson starts with a brief introduction given by the teacher about her profession and about the distinct lesson that she is going to display. Her brief is quickly followed by the course of engaging the students in the story-creating activity, which is further pursued by an EAL/D students act of successfully creating a short story (australiancurriculum.edu.au, 2017). Later, the video shows how the teacher is monitoring the students and teaching them t o make correct use of grammar and encouraging them to write their stories. The video further includes an activity in which the teacher provides sheets to individual students and asks them to write the story each of them has created. The sequence of activities gradually ends up by the teachers elaboration about her teaching style and the significant components along with supportive teaching strategies those she integrated throughout the lesson for accomplishing her goal (australiancurriculum.edu.au, 2017). In this context, it is significant to denote that among several activities, which have been shown in the video, the most significant one is identified to be the particular procedure applied by the teacher to encourage the students to create new stories. The distinct episode included an interesting way of encouraging and engaging students of EAL/D in the creating stories lesson. More precisely, in the particular activity the teacher arranges several instructions for creating stories within several hoops and instructs the students to accomplish the instructions by stepping into each of the hoops. The particular activity is found to be most exciting and persuasive as per the reason that the teacher applied her general capabilities in an interesting way through which the aim of attracting students and thereafter engaging them to tell stories has been understandably achieved. Most significantly, in the activity, the teacher inaugurates the activity by selecting a student who according to the teacher herself has had very poor idea and skills about English language (australiancurriculum.edu.au, 2017). Within the activity, the teacher is found to be supportive and encouraging towards the students. It should be considered here that one of the chief ability of second language teachers is to give focus on interactive comprehensions and less focus on the conscious grammatical guidelines. Henceforth, considering the particular activity of the video, it can be said that the teacher has successfully engaged herself in promoting maximum learning. Most importantly, the chosen section of video is significant for contemplating as per the reason that the teacher has fruitfully abided the necessary rule of providing communicative as well as comprehensible inputs to the learners. In this context, it is essential to denote that the predominant concept of the second language acquisition way, says that it is essential to maintain the key driving factor that is language input, which every student needs to receive (Eckman et al., 2013). It is also considered that second language acquisition is a particular process that includes scientific disciplines of teaching (Benthin, 2015). Considering the selected video and the particular activity, it is understandable that the teacher has followed the basic concepts of the socio-cultural theory as well as the theoretical approach of Stephen Krashen regarding second language acquisition. According to the socio-cultural theory of second language acquisition, development of human cognitive as well as standard mental function is achievable by integrating the socio-cultural as well as the biological aspects (Mills, 2014). The socio-cultural theory focuses on the fact that in the process of human cognitive development, there is a dominant role of the socio-cultural circumstances (Lantolf et al., 2015). In other words, the primary idea of socio-cultural theory denotes that the human minds function by participating in the cultural mediation, which is integrated into various social activities (Ellis, 2015). After watching and understanding the teaching style and components used by the teaching individual, it can be said that the teacher has successfully applied the theoretical percept of socio-cultural theory. It is because; the video indicates that the teacher gathers all the EAL/D students and engaging them into creating and telling stories and sharing them with each other. Therefore, understandably the teacher has prioritized the socio-cultural theoretical concept and used the key percept in teaching the students about second language acquisition. On the other hand, Stephen Krashens concept of second l anguage acquisition says that the way of language acquisition does not need an extensive utilization of grammatical rules (Gass, 2013). Krashens theory further suggests that comprehensible input is the most essential ingredient for a successful acquisition of second language (Krashen, 2013). The theoretical concept of Krashen regarding a proper language acquisition is dependent upon five chief hypotheses, which are acquisition-learning hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, input hypothesis and affective filter hypothesis (Harmer, 2015). The activity pursued by the teacher in the selected video seems to the acquisition-learning, monitor and input hypotheses. It is because; the teacher is engaging her students in meaningful interaction and thereafter utilizing the function of monitoring to influence the acquisition process. According to Stephen Krashens theoretical hypothesis of monitoring, monitoring is the particular act that plan, edit as well as correct the primary functions of the acquisition system (Larson, 2014). Therefore, monitoring is an integral part of the second language acquisition system. Finally, it is to say that the input hypothesis is also evident in the video as per the reason that the students in the video are found to acquire compr ehensible input of second language in form of creating and writing stories. The input hypothesis says that students of second language learning improve and successfully progress when they receive comprehensible inputs (Krashen, 2013). Most significantly, it is to mention in this respect that the video has helped me to obtain a more coherent understanding about a prominent teaching process of second language acquisition. The video is a significant piece that has helped to understand the utilization of common activities in terms of comprehension, which can act as appropriate comprehensive input for the students. On the other hand, the video is significant as it has helped to realize the fact that monitoring is an essential responsibility for a teacher of second language. It has helped to enlighten the fact that as a teacher it would be essential in future to engage the students in social activities like sharing feelings or playing comprehensive games with each other for the purpose of second language acquisition. Furthermore, it has been also learnt that instead of the fact that grammar acquisition is essential for every student of second language acquisition though it is necessary first to bring the student in a co mfort zone. Socio-cultural activities like sharing stories or playing comprehensive games together and complete support from the teachers are two significant aspects, which can make the students comfortable. References Aimin, L. (2013). The study of second language acquisition under socio-cultural theory.American journal of educational research,1(5), 162-167. Benthin, A. (2015).Krashen's Monitor Theory on the Relation between Spontaneous and Guided Language Learning. GRIN Verlag. Eckman, F. R., Mileham, J., Weber, R. R., Highland, D., Lee, P. W. (2013).Second language acquisition theory and pedagogy. Routledge. Ellis, R. (2015).Understanding Second Language Acquisition 2nd Edition-Oxford Applied Linguistics. Oxford university press. Gass, S. M. (2013).Second language acquisition: An introductory course. Routledge. Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom. Continuum, London Harmer, J. (2015). The practice of English language teaching (5th ed). Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Illustrations of personalised learning - IOPL00012 - The Australian Curriculum v7.5. (2017).V7-5.australiancurriculum.edu.au. Retrieved 26 March 2017, from https://v7-5.australiancurriculum.edu.au/Illustrations/Metadata/IOPL00012?group=PrimarySecondary Krashen, S. (2013). The Effect of Direct Instruction on Pronunciation: Only Evident When Conditions for Monitor Use Are Met?.GiST: Education and Learning Research Journal, (7), 271-275. Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Larson, L. E. (2014).Methods for Targeting Vocabulary Development in Second Language Learners: A Systematic Review(Doctoral dissertation, Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas). Mills, N. (2014). Self-efficacy in second language acquisition.Multiple perspectives on the self in SLA, 6-22.

Growth of Clothing Retail Industry

Question: Discuss about the Growth of Clothing Retail Industry. Answer: Introduction: The clothing industry in Australia is one of the main sectors in retail trade. The clothing and apparel industry has faced a lot of difficulty in the previous years in Australia. The industry however has seen a little growth in the year 2015. The clothing and foot ware industry depends on a lot of factors like the fashion trends, customers choice and others (Okonkwo 2016). In the past few years, the foreign clothing retail companies are also entering the Australian market for trade. As a result, the indigenous companies are facing problems (Chen and Li 2016). The clothing industry has started using the new technologies like the online shopping, online marketing, use of digital media and others. This has improved the business of the clothing market of Australia. The clothing industry in Australia is still in a maturing state (Ewing 2014). The challenges that were faced in the clothing industry are due to the changes in the economic condition of the people of the country. The consumers became aware in spending due to the changes in the economic conditions (Casidy 2012). The growth of the Australian clothing industry is being studied in this research. The main factors that affect the growth of clothing industry will be discussed in this research work. The proposal gives an idea about the methods of data collection and the analysis of such data. The possible interpretation of the results of analysis of data is given in this proposal. The main problem statement in this research is to analyze the growth of clothing industry in Australia and the factors behind such growth. Literature review: The clothing retail industry in Australia is one of the major retail sectors of the country. The sector contributes a large portion o the GDP of the country. The past few years this sector however has not seen much growth. The change in economy of the country has resulted in the decline of this industry (Fry 2013). Due to inflation and other economic factors the consumers has become cautious about spending. The indigenous companies are also facing competition from the foreign companies. The foreign companies are entering into the Australian market over the last few years. All these factors have led to the decline of this industry (Gardetti and Torres 2013). The clothing industry can be classified into many different sectors such as the clothing, fashionable apparels, apparels and footwear and others. The fashion is a very important factor in the apparel industry. The company that has a fashion line is more preferable than the ordinary companies. The fashion line has led to the growth of companies like Nike, Adidas and others. These companies mostly trade in sports goods and apparels. The brand value of the companies is also an important factor for the growth of these industries (Singleton 2013). There are more than 40 popular clothing companies in Australia. The fashion sense o the customer is one of the driving forces behind the growth of this industry. The customer of these popular brands like Nike is mostly college goers. The generation Y has a strong sense of fashion. The fashion sense of the customer is changing day by day. The foreign companies are finding advantage for this change. The foreign companies could expand their busines s in the Australian market owing to these changes (Brooks 2013). The country Australia does not have many large fashion companies. There are only two branded fashion companies in the country namely Billabong and Rip Curl. The company Billabong accounts for 1.5 billion Australian dollars while the company Rip Curl accounts for almost 884 million Australian dollars. The fashion industry of Australia contributes more than 75000 Australian dollars to the GDP of the country. The total employment in the clothing, textile and foot ware industry of Australia is 37000 (Mohan Kathuria 2013). The fitness and athletics clothing industry also forms a part of the clothing industry of Australia. The fitness and athletic clothing industry however has shown a growth over the years. The main reason for the growth of this industry is the changing consumer behavior. The consumers have started using gym clothes due to comfort in these clothes. There is a high demand of gym clothing in the Australian market (Jegethesan, Sneddon and Soutar 2012). The management of supply chain has also facilitated the growth of these industries. The foreign companies like H M COS are expanding their territories in Australia. The company COS has opened a store in Sydney in the year 2014. There is no such leading company in foot ware and apparel business in Australia. The South African company MRP has entered Australian market in the year 2015 (Robinson and Hsieh 2016). The sector has shown a marginal improvement in the year 2015. The customers demand for the latest designs has been increased in the present time. The clothing industry has also improved due to digitalization. The use of social media sites has also led to the growth of this sector of industry. The concepts of online advertisement, online shopping has greatly benefitted the industry (Brooks and Simon 2012). Variables and hypothesis: The main variables in this research work are the total profits generated by the clothing retail industry, the number of indigenous companies in the industry, the foreign companies that are entering in the industry, the employment status in this industry, the contribution of the industry to the GDP of the country and others. The profit of the industry is taken as the dependent variable and the other variables as the independent variable. The hypotheses of the research work are as follows: H01: The clothing retail industry has not shown any major changes over the years. H11: The clothing retail industry has shown a major change in growth over the years. The variable of profit of the companies is measured in terms of the Australian dollars. The GDP of the country, the numbers of companies that are operating in the country, the employment status of the industry are all obtained for the whole country. Since this figures are quite large, these figures are associated with errors. There is no such constraint involved in doing the research work. Research design and methodology: The research involves qualitative method of study. The data collected for the research work is secondary data. The secondary data about the number of people involved in clothing retail industry, employment status of the industry, the impact of the industry to the economy of the country and others are obtained from the official websites and other websites. The data has been collected for a particular span of time. The data can be collected for a period of 10 years. There is some ethics related to any kind of research. The researcher cannot forget the ethical issues while doing the research work. The researcher has not violated the ethics in this research work. The researcher has obtained the data from the websites and other sources ethically. The places where the data are not available, the researcher has paid to obtain the data. The researcher has not taken any unethical measures such as hacking or others to obtain the data. The data obtained for the purpose of the research is secondary data. Therefore, the data is not subjected any kind of sampling procedures. However, the data has been collected for a particular span of time. Data analysis: The analysis of the data so collected is carried out with the help of different statistical tools and techniques. The measures of descriptive statistics have been calculated for the variables. The mean, median, standard deviation, variance, range and others has been calculated for the study. A comparison among the previous and past year figures will help to understand the growth of the industry. A time series analysis can be performed to know about the growth of this sector. The values of the profit from this sector can be plotted along with time. An increasing trend in the values will help to know that the dataset has an increasing trend. A regression analysis can also be performed by taking the profit as the dependent variable and the other variables such as the GDP of the country, employment status of this sector, number of firms in this sector and others as independent variable. A significant value of the beta co efficient of the regression model will explain that the variable ha s an impact on the profit of this sector. Conclusion The research will be carried out to know about the condition of the clothing retail industry in Australia. The research will point out the problems faced by the clothing retail industry in the present years. The possible remedy to these problems will also be discussed in this research. The analysis and conclusions from the research will help to take a close look into the problems faced by clothing retail industry. The proposal points out the problems in the particular sector of research. An extensive literature review has been conducted to know about the problems of the clothing retail industry. The methods of data collection and the analysis of the data are also given in this proposal. References: Brooks, A. and Simon, D., 2012. 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